Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies 2015, 3(1), 28-41
DOI: 10.24411/2310-2144-2015-00008
Belt buckles from burials of the Second Lipetsk barrow (methods of their fabrication and reconstruction of their use)
Anatoliy N. Usachuk1
1Department Donetsk Regional Museum, Donetsk, Ukraine; e-mail: doold@mail.ru
Abstract
The paper describes the fabrication method and the use of a small collection of bone buckles discovered along with the luxurious grave goods from the uncommon burials of the Don-Volga Abashevo culture Second Lipetsk barrow (excavation of 2011). All buckles of Lipetsk kurgan made from fragments compact tubular bones of large ungulates. Tubular bone was split on long longitudinal plates, from which cut out rectangular or square plates smaller size. Then, angles or blanks cut or grind off by means an abrasive to achieve a circular or oval shape. On the external and internal surfaces of buckles fixed multidirectional traces of thin and very fine abrasive. After abrasive processing workpieces, large and small holes are drilled. As a rule, the central holes drilled into the buckle first. Buckles after drilling was worked up fine abrasive. Traces of wear visible on all the buckles from burials 2 of Lipetsk kurgan. Using of buckles occurred with varying intensity. The ratio the wear and tear, both surfaces of buckles allows you to reconstruct the position of items in operation and consider them as belt buckles. Graphic reconstruction of fixing bone buckles to the straps is given in the article as well.
Keywords: buckle, traces of manufacturing, traces of wear, belt, fastening.
Full Text: Download pdf (Russian)
References
1. Medvedev, A.P.; Safonov, I.E.; Matveev, Yu.P. Sarmatskoe "knyazheskoe" pogrebenie v kurgane u g. Lipecka. [Sarmatian "princely" burial mound near the city of Lipetsk]. Rossijskaya arxeologiya. [Russian archeology]. 2008, No 4, pp. 98-106.
2. Golotvin, A.N.; Priakhin, A.D. Kompleks zaxoronenij dono-volzhskoj abashevskoj kul'tury Vtorogo Lipeckogo kurgana. [Complex burials dono-Volga Abashevo culture Second Lipetsk mound]. Process kul'turogeneza nachal'noj pory pozdnego bronzovogo veka Volgo-Ural'skogo regiona (voprosy xronologii, periodizacii, istoriografii): materialy mezhdunarodnoj nauchnoj konferencii. 12-14 maya 2014 goda. [Process kulturogeneza initial time the Late Bronze Age of the Volga-Ural region (questions of chronology, periodization, historiography): Proceedings of the International Conference. 12-14 May 2014.]. Samara: PGSGA, 2014, p. 25.
3. Golotvin, A.N. Raskopki kurgana No 2 Lipeckogo mogil'nika. [Excavation of the mound number 2 Lipetsk burial]. Arxeologicheskie otkrytiya 2011 goda v Lipeckoj oblasti. [Archaeological discoveries of 2011 in the Lipetsk region]. Lipetsk, 2012, pp. 2-3.
4. Golotvin, A.N.; Priakhin, A.D. Kompleks zaxoronenij dono-volzhskoj abashevskoj kul'tury Vtorogo Lipeckogo kurgana. [Complex burials dono-Volga Abashevo culture Second Lipetsk mound]. Process kul'turogeneza nachal'noj pory pozdnego bronzovogo veka Volgo-Ural'skogo regiona (voprosy xronologii, periodizacii, istoriografii): materialy mezhdunarodnoj nauchnoj konferencii. 12-14 maya 2014 goda. [Process kulturogeneza initial time the Late Bronze Age of the Volga-Ural region (questions of chronology, periodization, historiography): Proceedings of the International Conference. 12-14 May 2014.]. Samara: PGSGA, 2014, pp. 25-32.
5. Usachuk, A.N. Rezul'taty trasologicheskogo izucheniya shhitkovyx i zhelobchatyx psaliev. [The results of the study trasological dashboard and grooved Psalm ]. Sovremennye e'ksperimental'no-trasologicheskie i texniko-texnologicheskie razrabotki v arxeologii. Pervye Semenovskie chteniya. [Modern experimental trasological and technical and technological developments in archeology. Semenov first reading]. SPb., 1999, p. 70.
6. Usachuk, A.N. Drevnejshie psalii (izgotovlenie i ispol'zovanie). [The oldest cheekpieces (production and use)]. Donetsk: IA NAS of Ukraine, 2013, pp. 25-26.
7. Usachuk, A.N.; Golotvin, A.N. Ship psaliya iz Lipeckogo kurgana 2. [Spike Psalm of Lipetsk mound 2]. Problemi doslidzhennya pam'yatok arxeologii Sxidnoi Ukraini. Materiali III Lugans'koi mizhnarodnoi istoriko-arxeologichnoi konferencii, prisvyachenoi pam'yati S.N. Bratchenka. [Problems doslidzhennya pam'yatok arheologii Shidnoi Ukraine. Materiali III Luganskoi mizhnarodnoi istoriko-arheologichnoi konferentsii, prisvyachenoi pam'yati S.N. Bratchenko]. Luhansk, 2012, pp. 347-351.
8. Usachuk, A.N. Rekonstrukciya psaliya iz Lipeckogo mogil'nika. [Psalm reconstruction of Lipetsk burial]. Process kul'turogeneza nachal'noj pory pozdnego bronzovogo veka Volgo-Ural'skogo regiona (voprosy xronologii, periodizacii, istoriografii): materialy mezhdunarodnoj nauchnoj konferencii. 12-14 maya 2014 goda. [Process kulturogeneza initial time the Late Bronze Age of the Volga-Ural region (questions of chronology, periodization, historiography): Proceedings of the International Conference. 12-14 May 2014]. Samara: PGSGA, 2014, pp. 33-38.
9. Usachuk, A.N.; Litvinenko, R.O. Texnologiya izgotovleniya pryazhek kul'tury mnogovalikovoj keramiki. [Manufacturing technology buckles Multi-cordoned ware culture]. Doba bronzi Dono-Donec'kogo regionu (materiali 3-go Ukrains'ko-Rosijs'kogo pol'ovogo arxeologichnogo seminaru). [Daily Bronze Don-Donets the region (materials 3rd Ukrainian-Russian archaeological field seminar)]. Kyiv, Voronezh, Perevalsk, 1997, p. 46.
10. Usachuk, A.N. Rezul'taty trasologicheskogo izucheniya kostyanyx pryazhek kul'tury mnogovalikovoj keramiki. [The results of the study of bone buckles trasological Multi-cordoned ware culture]. Problemy izucheniya katakombnoj kul'turno-istoricheskoj obshhnosti (KKIO) i kul'turno-istoricheskoj obshhnosti mnogovalikovoj keramiki (KIOMK). [The study Catacomb culture (KKIO) and cultural-historical community mnogovalikovoy ceramics (KIOMK)]. Zaporozhye, 1998, p. 128.
11. Usachuk, A.N.; Litvinenko, R.O. Texnologiya izgotovleniya pryazhek kul'tury mnogovalikovoj keramiki. [Manufacturing technology buckles Multi-cordoned ware culture]. Doba bronzi Dono-Donec'kogo regionu (materiali 3-go Ukrains'ko-Rosijs'kogo pol'ovogo arxeologichnogo seminaru). [Daily Bronze Don-Donets the region (materials 3rd Ukrainian-Russian archaeological field seminar)]. Kyiv, Voronezh, Perevalsk, 1997, p. 46.
12. Usachuk, A.N.; Litvinenko, R.O. Ob izgotovlenii pryazhek e'poxi bronzy. [On the manufacture of buckles of the Bronze Age]. Doba bronzi Dono-Donec'kogo regionu (materiali 5-go Ukrains'ko-Rosijs'kogo pol'ovogo arxeologichnogo seminaru). [Daily Bronze Don-Donetsk region (materials 5th Ukrainian-Russian archaeological field seminar)]. Kyiv, Voronezh, 2001, pp. 110, 112.
13. Usachuk, A.N. O zagotovkax kostyanyx pryazhek konca srednego - nachala pozdnego bronzovogo veka. [About blanks bone buckle end of the middle - the beginning of the Late Bronze Age]. Drevnejshie obshhnosti zemledel'cev i skotovodov Severnogo Prichernomor'ya (V tys. do n.e'. - V v. n.e'.). Materialy III Mezhdunarodnoj konf. [Oldest community of farmers and pastoralists Northern Black Sea (V millennium BC - V century AD). Proceedings of the III International Conf.]. Tiraspol, 2002, p.163.
14. Usachuk, A.N.; Litvinenko, R.O. Texnologiya izgotovleniya pryazhek kul'tury mnogovalikovoj keramiki. [Manufacturing technology buckles Multi-cordoned ware culture]. Doba bronzi Dono-Donec'kogo regionu (materiali 3-go Ukrains'ko-Rosijs'kogo pol'ovogo arxeologichnogo seminaru). [Daily Bronze Don-Donets the region (materials 3rd Ukrainian-Russian archaeological field seminar)]. Kyiv, Voronezh, Perevalsk, 1997, pp. 46-47.
15. Usachuk, A.N.; Litvinenko, R.O. Ob izgotovlenii pryazhek e'poxi bronzy. [On the manufacture of buckles of the Bronze Age]. Doba bronzi Dono-Donec'kogo regionu (materiali 5-go Ukrains'ko-Rosijs'kogo pol'ovogo arxeologichnogo seminaru). [Daily Bronze Don-Donetsk region (materials 5th Ukrainian-Russian archaeological field seminar)]. Kyiv, Voronezh, 2001, pp. 110.
16. Usachuk, A.N. O zagotovkax kostyanyx pryazhek konca srednego - nachala pozdnego bronzovogo veka. [About blanks bone buckle end of the middle - the beginning of the Late Bronze Age]. Drevnejshie obshhnosti zemledel'cev i skotovodov Severnogo Prichernomor'ya (V tys. do n.e'. - V v. n.e'.). Materialy III Mezhdunarodnoj konf. [Oldest community of farmers and pastoralists Northern Black Sea (V millennium BC - V century AD). Proceedings of the III International Conf.]. Tiraspol, 2002, Fig. 1, 1, 2.
17. Usachuk, A.N.; Litvinenko, R.O. Texnologiya izgotovleniya pryazhek kul'tury mnogovalikovoj keramiki. [Manufacturing technology buckles Multi-cordoned ware culture]. Doba bronzi Dono-Donec'kogo regionu (materiali 3-go Ukrains'ko-Rosijs'kogo pol'ovogo arxeologichnogo seminaru). [Daily Bronze Don-Donets the region (materials 3rd Ukrainian-Russian archaeological field seminar)]. Kyiv, Voronezh, Perevalsk, 1997, p. 47.
18. Usachuk, A.N. Rezul'taty trasologicheskogo izucheniya kostyanyx pryazhek kul'tury mnogovalikovoj keramiki. [The results of the study of bone buckles trasological Multi-cordoned ware culture]. Problemy izucheniya katakombnoj kul'turno-istoricheskoj obshhnosti (KKIO) i kul'turno-istoricheskoj obshhnosti mnogovalikovoj keramiki (KIOMK). [The study Catacomb culture (KKIO) and cultural-historical community mnogovalikovoy ceramics (KIOMK)]. Zaporozhye, 1998, p. 128, Tabl.1.
19. Usachuk, A.N. O zagotovkax kostyanyx pryazhek konca srednego - nachala pozdnego bronzovogo veka. [About blanks bone buckle end of the middle - the beginning of the Late Bronze Age]. Drevnejshie obshhnosti zemledel'cev i skotovodov Severnogo Prichernomor'ya (V tys. do n.e'. - V v. n.e'.). Materialy III Mezhdunarodnoj konf. [Oldest community of farmers and pastoralists Northern Black Sea (V millennium BC - V century AD). Proceedings of the III International Conf.]. Tiraspol, 2002, p.163.
20. Moiseev, N.B. Rekonstrukciya luchkovogo sverla e'poxi bronzy (na osnove materialov Seleznevskix kurganov dono-volzhskoj abashevskoj kul'tury). [Reconstruction of the Bow Drill Bronze Age (based on materials Seleznevskaya mounds Don-Volga Abashevo culture)]. Arxeologicheskie pamyatniki Vostochnoj Evropy. [Archaeological sites in Eastern Europe]. Voronezh, 2002, pp. 88-89.
21. Usachuk, A.N.; Litvinenko, R.O. Texnologiya izgotovleniya pryazhek kul'tury mnogovalikovoj keramiki. [Manufacturing technology buckles Multi-cordoned ware culture]. Doba bronzi Dono-Donec'kogo regionu (materiali 3-go Ukrains'ko-Rosijs'kogo pol'ovogo arxeologichnogo seminaru). [Daily Bronze Don-Donets the region (materials 3rd Ukrainian-Russian archaeological field seminar)]. Kyiv, Voronezh, Perevalsk, 1997, p. 48, 49, fig. 7.
22. Usachuk, A.N. O zagotovkax kostyanyx pryazhek konca srednego - nachala pozdnego bronzovogo veka. [About blanks bone buckle end of the middle - the beginning of the Late Bronze Age]. Drevnejshie obshhnosti zemledel'cev i skotovodov Severnogo Prichernomor'ya (V tys. do n.e'. - V v. n.e'.). Materialy III Mezhdunarodnoj konf. [Oldest community of farmers and pastoralists Northern Black Sea (V millennium BC - V century AD). Proceedings of the III International Conf.]. Tiraspol, 2002, Fig. 1, 1B.
23. Usachuk, A.N.; Litvinenko, R.O. Texnologiya izgotovleniya pryazhek kul'tury mnogovalikovoj keramiki. [Manufacturing technology buckles Multi-cordoned ware culture]. Doba bronzi Dono-Donec'kogo regionu (materiali 3-go Ukrains'ko-Rosijs'kogo pol'ovogo arxeologichnogo seminaru). [Daily Bronze Don-Donets the region (materials 3rd Ukrainian-Russian archaeological field seminar)]. Kyiv, Voronezh, Perevalsk, 1997, p. 48.
24. Usachuk, A.N. Rezul'taty trasologicheskogo izucheniya kostyanyx pryazhek kul'tury mnogovalikovoj keramiki. [The results of the study of bone buckles trasological Multi-cordoned ware culture]. Problemy izucheniya katakombnoj kul'turno-istoricheskoj obshhnosti (KKIO) i kul'turno-istoricheskoj obshhnosti mnogovalikovoj keramiki (KIOMK). [The study Catacomb culture (KKIO) and cultural-historical community mnogovalikovoy ceramics (KIOMK)]. Zaporozhye, 1998, p. 129.
25. Usachuk, A.N.; Litvinenko, R.O. Texnologiya izgotovleniya pryazhek kul'tury mnogovalikovoj keramiki. [Manufacturing technology buckles Multi-cordoned ware culture]. Doba bronzi Dono-Donec'kogo regionu (materiali 3-go Ukrains'ko-Rosijs'kogo pol'ovogo arxeologichnogo seminaru). [Daily Bronze Don-Donets the region (materials 3rd Ukrainian-Russian archaeological field seminar)]. Kyiv, Voronezh, Perevalsk, 1997, pp. 48, 49, fig.1.
26. Usachuk, A.N. Rezul'taty trasologicheskogo izucheniya kostyanyx pryazhek kul'tury mnogovalikovoj keramiki. [The results of the study of bone buckles trasological Multi-cordoned ware culture]. Problemy izucheniya katakombnoj kul'turno-istoricheskoj obshhnosti (KKIO) i kul'turno-istoricheskoj obshhnosti mnogovalikovoj keramiki (KIOMK). [The study Catacomb culture (KKIO) and cultural-historical community mnogovalikovoy ceramics (KIOMK)]. Zaporozhye, 1998, fig. 2, 6A.
27. Priakhin, A.D.; Matveev, Yu.P. Kurgany e'poxi bronzy Pobityuzh'ya. [Bronze Age burial mounds Pobityuzhe]. Voronezh, 1988, Fig. 53, 7.
28. Lysenko, S.D. K voprosu o kul'turno-xronologicheskoj i funkcional'noj prinadlezhnosti kostyanyx "pryazhek" v Srednem Podneprov'e. [On the question of cultural and chronological and functional accessory bone "buckles" in the Middle Dnieper]. Kratkie soobshheniya Instituta arxeologii. [Brief reports of the Institute of Archaeology]. Vol. 225, 2011, Fig. 4, 7, 9.
29. Usachuk, A.N.; Litvinenko, R.O. Texnologiya izgotovleniya pryazhek kul'tury mnogovalikovoj keramiki. [Manufacturing technology buckles Multi-cordoned ware culture]. Doba bronzi Dono-Donec'kogo regionu (materiali 3-go Ukrains'ko-Rosijs'kogo pol'ovogo arxeologichnogo seminaru). [Daily Bronze Don-Donets the region (materials 3rd Ukrainian-Russian archaeological field seminar)]. Kyiv, Voronezh, Perevalsk, 1997, p. 48.
30. Usachuk, A.N. Rezul'taty trasologicheskogo izucheniya kostyanyx pryazhek kul'tury mnogovalikovoj keramiki. [The results of the study of bone buckles trasological Multi-cordoned ware culture]. Problemy izucheniya katakombnoj kul'turno-istoricheskoj obshhnosti (KKIO) i kul'turno-istoricheskoj obshhnosti mnogovalikovoj keramiki (KIOMK). [The study Catacomb culture (KKIO) and cultural-historical community mnogovalikovoy ceramics (KIOMK)]. Zaporozhye, 1998, Tabl.1.
31. Usachuk, A.N. Rezul'taty trasologicheskogo izucheniya kostyanyx pryazhek kul'tury mnogovalikovoj keramiki. [The results of the study of bone buckles trasological Multi-cordoned ware culture]. Problemy izucheniya katakombnoj kul'turno-istoricheskoj obshhnosti (KKIO) i kul'turno-istoricheskoj obshhnosti mnogovalikovoj keramiki (KIOMK). [The study Catacomb culture (KKIO) and cultural-historical community mnogovalikovoy ceramics (KIOMK)]. Zaporozhye, 1998, Tabl.1.
32. Kalmykov, A.A.; Mimohod, R.A. Rogovye i kostyanye poyasnye pryazhki i podveski lolinskoj kul'tury. [Horn and bone buckles and pendants lolinskoy culture]. Materiali ta doslidzhennya z arxeologii Sxidnoi Ukraini. [Materials and Research on archeology Eastern Ukraine]. No 4. Luhansk, 2005, pp. 223, 225.
33. Klyushintsev, V.N. [New Multi-cordoned ware culture burial in Pobuzhzha]. Sovetskaya Arxeologiya. [Soviet archeology]. No 2, 1988, p. 227.
34. Golotvin, A.N.; Priakhin, A.D. Kompleks zaxoronenij dono-volzhskoj abashevskoj kul'tury Vtorogo Lipeckogo kurgana. [Complex burials dono-Volga Abashevo culture Second Lipetsk mound]. Process kul'turogeneza nachal'noj pory pozdnego bronzovogo veka Volgo-Ural'skogo regiona (voprosy xronologii, periodizacii, istoriografii): materialy mezhdunarodnoj nauchnoj konferencii. 12-14 maya 2014 goda. [Process kulturogeneza initial time the Late Bronze Age of the Volga-Ural region (questions of chronology, periodization, historiography): Proceedings of the International Conference. 12-14 May 2014.]. Samara: PGSGA, 2014, p. 27.
35. Eliseev, V.F.; Klyushentsev, V.N. Pogrebeniya s kostyanymi pryazhkami v mezhdurech'e Ingul'ca i Tiligula. [Burial with bone buckles between the rivers Ingulets and Tiligul]. Materialy po xronologii arxeologicheskix pamyatnikov Ukrainy. [Materials on the history of archaeological monuments of Ukraine]. Kiev, 1982, p. 74.
36. Hershkowitz, J.P. Figurnye poyasnye pryazhki kul'tury mnogovalikovoj keramiki. [Shaped belt buckles Multi-cordoned ware culture]. Sovetskaya Arxeologiya. [Soviet archeology]. No 2, 1986, p. 132.
37. Savva, E.N. Pryazhki iz pogrebenij kul'tury mnogovalikovoj keramiki Dnestrovsko-Prutskogo mezhdurech'ya. [Buckles from burials Multi-cordoned ware culture Dniester and Prut interfluve]. Izvestiya Akademii nauk Moldavskoj SSR. Seriya obshhestvennyx nauk. [Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the Moldavian SSR. A series of social sciences]. No 3. Chisinau, 1988, p. 65.
38. Kalmykov, A.A.; Mimohod, R.A. Rogovye i kostyanye poyasnye pryazhki i podveski lolinskoj kul'tury. [Horn and bone buckles and pendants lolinskoy culture]. Materiali ta doslidzhennya z arxeologii Sxidnoi Ukraini. [Materials and Research on archeology Eastern Ukraine]. No 4. Luhansk, 2005, p. 224.
39. Lysenko, S.D. K voprosu o kul'turno-xronologicheskoj i funkcional'noj prinadlezhnosti kostyanyx "pryazhek" v Srednem Podneprov'e. [On the question of cultural and chronological and functional accessory bone "buckles" in the Middle Dnieper]. Kratkie soobshheniya Instituta arxeologii. [Brief reports of the Institute of Archaeology]. Vol. 225, 2011, p. 133.
40. Mimohod, R.A. Lolinskaya kul'tura. Severo-zapadnyj Prikaspij na rubezhe srednego i pozdnego periodov bronzovogo veka. [Lolinskaya culture. Northwestern Caspian Sea at the turn of the Middle and Late Bronze Age periods]. M., 2013, p. 109.
41. Goshkevich, V.I. Klady i drevnosti Xersonskoj gubernii. Kn. pervaya. - Xerson. [Treasures and ancient province of Kherson. Vol. first. - Kherson]. Typography "UGA", 1903, pp. 115, 119.
42. Eliseev, V.F.; Klyushentsev, V.N. Pogrebeniya s kostyanymi pryazhkami v mezhdurech'e Ingul'ca i Tiligula. [Burial with bone buckles between the rivers Ingulets and Tiligul]. Materialy po xronologii arxeologicheskix pamyatnikov Ukrainy. [Materials on the history of archaeological monuments of Ukraine]. Kiev, 1982, p. 74.
43. Hershkowitz, J.P. Figurnye poyasnye pryazhki kul'tury mnogovalikovoj keramiki. [Shaped belt buckles Multi-cordoned ware culture]. Sovetskaya Arxeologiya. [Soviet archeology]. No 2, 1986, p. 133.
44. Savva, E.N. Pryazhki iz pogrebenij kul'tury mnogovalikovoj keramiki Dnestrovsko-Prutskogo mezhdurech'ya. [Buckles from burials Multi-cordoned ware culture Dniester and Prut interfluve]. Izvestiya Akademii nauk Moldavskoj SSR. Seriya obshhestvennyx nauk. [Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the Moldavian SSR. A series of social sciences]. No 3. Chisinau, 1988, p. 65.
45. Lysenko, S.D. K voprosu o kul'turno-xronologicheskoj i funkcional'noj prinadlezhnosti kostyanyx "pryazhek" v Srednem Podneprov'e. [On the question of cultural and chronological and functional accessory bone "buckles" in the Middle Dnieper]. Kratkie soobshheniya Instituta arxeologii. [Brief reports of the Institute of Archaeology]. Vol. 225, 2011, p. 133.
46. Mimohod, R.A. Lolinskaya kul'tura. Severo-zapadnyj Prikaspij na rubezhe srednego i pozdnego periodov bronzovogo veka. [Lolinskaya culture. Northwestern Caspian Sea at the turn of the Middle and Late Bronze Age periods]. M., 2013, p. 109.
47. Dergachev, V.A. Pamyatniki e'poxi bronzy. Arxeologicheskaya karta Moldavskoj SSR. [Bronze Age. Archaeological Map of the Moldavian SSR]. Vol. 3. Chisinau, 1973, pp. 34, 43.
48. Eliseev, V.F.; Klyushentsev, V.N. Pogrebeniya s kostyanymi pryazhkami v mezhdurech'e Ingul'ca i Tiligula. [Burial with bone buckles between the rivers Ingulets and Tiligul]. Materialy po xronologii arxeologicheskix pamyatnikov Ukrainy. [Materials on the history of archaeological monuments of Ukraine]. Kiev, 1982, p. 74.
49. Lysenko, S.D. K voprosu o kul'turno-xronologicheskoj i funkcional'noj prinadlezhnosti kostyanyx "pryazhek" v Srednem Podneprov'e. [On the question of cultural and chronological and functional accessory bone "buckles" in the Middle Dnieper]. Kratkie soobshheniya Instituta arxeologii. [Brief reports of the Institute of Archaeology]. Vol. 225, 2011, p.133.
50. Larenok, P.A. Kurgannye mogil'niki Tavriya-i-iii, [Burial grounds Tavria-I-III]. Katalog "Kurgany Severo-Vostochnogo Priazov'ya" (Neklinovskij i Matveevo-Kurganskij rajony Rostovskoj oblasti). Materialy i issledovaniya Taganrogskoj arxeologicheskoj e'kspedicii. [Catalogue "Mounds North-Eastern Azov" (Neklinovskiy and Matveyev Kurgan district of Rostov region). Materials and Research Taganrog archaeological expedition]. Vol. III. Rostov-on-Don, 1998, p. 76.
51. Lysenko, S.D. K voprosu o kul'turno-xronologicheskoj i funkcional'noj prinadlezhnosti kostyanyx "pryazhek" v Srednem Podneprov'e. [On the question of cultural and chronological and functional accessory bone "buckles" in the Middle Dnieper]. Kratkie soobshheniya Instituta arxeologii. [Brief reports of the Institute of Archaeology]. Vol. 225, 2011, p.133.
52. Dobrovolsky, A.V. Raskopki kurgana v predmest'e Odessy - "Slobodka-Romanovka". [Excavation of the mound on the outskirts of Odessa - "Slobodka-Romanovka"]. Zapiski Imperatorskogo Odesskogo Obshhestva Istorii i Drevnostej. [Notes of the Imperial Odessa Society for History and Antiquities]. Vol. XXXii. Odessa, 1915, pp. 136.
53. Litvinenko, R.A. "Pryazhki" i kolesnichestvo: problema sootnosheniya. ["Buckles" and kolesnichestvo: problem of correlation]. Materiali ta doslidzhennya z arxeologii Sxidnoi Ukraini. [Materiali that doslidzhennya s arheologii Shidnoi Ukraine]. No 2, Luhansk, 2004, pp. 275.
54. Eliseev, V.F.; Klyushentsev, V.N. Pogrebeniya s kostyanymi pryazhkami v mezhdurech'e Ingul'ca i Tiligula. [Burial with bone buckles between the rivers Ingulets and Tiligul]. Materialy po xronologii arxeologicheskix pamyatnikov Ukrainy. [Materials on the history of archaeological monuments of Ukraine]. Kiev, 1982, p. 74.
55. Andrienko, V.P. Litvinenko, R.A. Raskopki kurgana bliz g. Ugledar. [Excavation of the mound near the town Ugledar]. ADU 1993 roku. [ADU 1993 year]. Kyiv, 1997. p. 7.
56. Litvinenko, R.O.; Andrienko, V.P. Kurgan bronzovogo viku poblizu m. Vugledar na Donechchini (verxiv'ya r. Kashlagach basejnu Dnipra). [Barrow Bronze viku near m. Vugledar on Donechchini (verhiv'ya r. Kashlagach the swimming pool Dnipra)]. Arxeologicheskij al'manax. [Archaeological almanac]. No 30, Donetsk, 2013, pp. 145.
57. Usachuk, A.N. Pryazhka iz pogrebeniya 3 kurgana 1 mogil'nika Ugledar. [Buckle of the burial mound 3 1 burial Ugledar]. Arxeologicheskij al'manax. [Archaeological almanac]. No 30, Donetsk, 2013, p. 177.
58. Usachuk, A.N. Rezul'taty trasologicheskogo izucheniya kostyanyx pryazhek kul'tury mnogovalikovoj keramiki. [The results of the study of bone buckles trasological Multi-cordoned ware culture]. Problemy izucheniya katakombnoj kul'turno-istoricheskoj obshhnosti (KKIO) i kul'turno-istoricheskoj obshhnosti mnogovalikovoj keramiki (KIOMK). [The study Catacomb culture (KKIO) and cultural-historical community mnogovalikovoy ceramics (KIOMK)]. Zaporozhye, 1998, p. 131.
59. Usachuk, A.N. Pryazhka iz pogrebeniya 3 kurgana 1 mogil'nika Ugledar. [Buckle of the burial mound 3 1 burial Ugledar]. Arxeologicheskij al'manax. [Archaeological almanac]. No 30, Donetsk, 2013, p. 173.
60. Fomenko, V.M. Kompleks kul'turi bagatopruzhkovoi keramiki z kurganu poblizu s. Aktove Mikolaivs'koi obl. [Complex Multi-cordoned ware culture of the mound near the village. Aktove of Mykolaiv region]. Materiali ta doslidzhennya z arxeologii Sxidnoi Ukraini. Vid neolitu do kimmerijciv. [Materials and Research on archeology Eastern Ukraine. From the Neolithic to the Cimmerians]. Vol. 7, Lugansk, 2007. p. 191, Fig. 1, 8.
61. Usachuk, A.N. Rezul'taty trasologicheskogo izucheniya kostyanyx pryazhek kul'tury mnogovalikovoj keramiki. [The results of the study of bone buckles trasological Multi-cordoned ware culture]. Problemy izucheniya katakombnoj kul'turno-istoricheskoj obshhnosti (KKIO) i kul'turno-istoricheskoj obshhnosti mnogovalikovoj keramiki (KIOMK). [The study Catacomb culture (KKIO) and cultural-historical community mnogovalikovoy ceramics (KIOMK)]. Zaporozhye, 1998, fig.1, 8.
62. Hershkowitz, J.P. Figurnye poyasnye pryazhki kul'tury mnogovalikovoj keramiki. [Shaped belt buckles Multi-cordoned ware culture]. Sovetskaya Arxeologiya. [Soviet archeology]. No 2, 1986, Fig. 6.
63. Ilyukov, L.S. Novyj tip babinskix pryazhek: kostyanaya zastezhka v vide businy. [New Type of Babyno Culture Buckles: Bone Fastener in the Form of Bead] // Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies 2014, 2(2), 54-58.
64. Usachuk, A.N. Rezul'taty trasologicheskogo izucheniya kostyanyx pryazhek kul'tury mnogovalikovoj keramiki. [The results of the study of bone buckles trasological Multi-cordoned ware culture]. Problemy izucheniya katakombnoj kul'turno-istoricheskoj obshhnosti (KKIO) i kul'turno-istoricheskoj obshhnosti mnogovalikovoj keramiki (KIOMK). [The study Catacomb culture (KKIO) and cultural-historical community mnogovalikovoy ceramics (KIOMK)]. Zaporozhye, 1998, p.133.
65. Eliseev, V.F.; Klyushentsev, V.N. Pogrebeniya s kostyanymi pryazhkami v mezhdurech'e Ingul'ca i Tiligula. [Burial with bone buckles between the rivers Ingulets and Tiligul]. Materialy po xronologii arxeologicheskix pamyatnikov Ukrainy. [Materials on the history of archaeological monuments of Ukraine]. Kiev, 1982, p. 78.
66. Usachuk, A.N. Rezul'taty trasologicheskogo izucheniya kostyanyx pryazhek kul'tury mnogovalikovoj keramiki. [The results of the study of bone buckles trasological Multi-cordoned ware culture]. Problemy izucheniya katakombnoj kul'turno-istoricheskoj obshhnosti (KKIO) i kul'turno-istoricheskoj obshhnosti mnogovalikovoj keramiki (KIOMK). [The study Catacomb culture (KKIO) and cultural-historical community mnogovalikovoy ceramics (KIOMK)]. Zaporozhye, 1998, p.133.
67. Usachuk, A.N. Rezul'taty trasologicheskogo izucheniya kostyanyx pryazhek kul'tury mnogovalikovoj keramiki. [The results of the study of bone buckles trasological Multi-cordoned ware culture]. Problemy izucheniya katakombnoj kul'turno-istoricheskoj obshhnosti (KKIO) i kul'turno-istoricheskoj obshhnosti mnogovalikovoj keramiki (KIOMK). [The study Catacomb culture (KKIO) and cultural-historical community mnogovalikovoy ceramics (KIOMK)]. Zaporozhye, 1998, p. 134.
68. Usachuk, A.N. Pryazhka iz pogrebeniya 3 kurgana 1 mogil'nika Ugledar. [Buckle of the burial mound 3 1 burial Ugledar]. Arxeologicheskij al'manax. [Archaeological almanac]. No 30, Donetsk, 2013, p. 174.
