Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies 2022, 10(2), 30-55
Interpreting the apparent lunar symbolism on a Fremont Indian pendant
John K. Lundwall1, John McHugh2, Elizabeth Nagengast-Stevens3
1Archaeoastronomer, Utah Cultural Astronomy Project; Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; knightjl7@msn.com
2Archaeologist, Utah Cultural Astronomy Project; Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; jjmchugh72164@comcast.net
3Fremont Indian State Park and Museum Curator of Collections, Archaeologist; Sevier, Utah, USA;
elizabethns@utah.gov
Abstract
The current article examines the apparent lunar iconography engraved on a rhyolite pendant recovered from a 13th century AD, Fremont Indian pithouse village known as "Five Finger Ridge". Symbols etched into the pendant resemble the waxing crescent, full, and waning crescent moon, thirteen circles equating with the thirteen lunations that are commenced during the solar year, and nineteen grooves etched along the outer edge of the disk-shaped pendant. The paper cites archaeological, ethnographic, rock art, and mitochondrial DNA data certifying that the Fremont people were of Ancestral Puebloan ethnicity and are therefore culturally and genetically related to the occupants of the modern pueblos located in the states of New Mexico and Arizona, USA. Ethnographic data from the late 19th and early 20th centuries demonstrates that all Puebloan villages were agriculturally dependent, utilized a solar-lunar calendar, and several conceptualized the year as having thirteen lunar months. The authors utilize the ethnographic data to interpret the two crescents and centrally drilled hole as the waxing crescent, full, and waning crescent moon, and the thirteen etched circles as full moons representing the thirteen-month lunar calendar reckoned at several historic pueblos. Finally, the paper proffers excavated exotic trade goods (olivella shells, turquoise) to demonstrate that the Fremont people of Five Finger Ridge were involved in long-distance trading relationships with Ancestral Puebloan communities that possessed unequivocal knowledge of the 18.61-year Major Lunar Standstill. From this the authors conclude that the pendant’s nineteen grooves represent the nineteen solar years needed for the completion of a Major Lunar Standstill cycle, wisdom they learned from long-distance trade relationships with Ancestral Puebloan people that were cognizant of this lunar circuit.
Keywords: archaeoastronomy, Fremont, lunar, standstill, major, calendar, pendant, Ancestral, Puebloan
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